ÀÖÓã×îаæappÍøÒ³

ͳ³ïÍƽø¹úÄÚ·¨ÖÎÓëÉæÍâ·¨ÖΣ¬±ØÐëÒª¸ß¶ÈÖØÊÓ¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄ×÷Óá£Óë¹úÄÚ·¨Ïà±È£¬¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÒ»¸öÍ»³öÌصã¾ÍÊÇ£¬¹ú¼Ò¼ÈÊǹú¼Ê·¨µÄ¡°Á¢·¨Õß¡±ÓÖÊǹú¼Ê·¨¹æÖƵĶÔÏó¡£ÔÚ¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÊÊÓùý³ÌÖУ¬¹ú¼ÊÉç»á·¢Õ¹³ö´óÁ¿Ë¾·¨ÐÔºÍ׼˾·¨ÐÔ¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆ¡£¾Ý²»Íêȫͳ¼Æ£¬×Ô20ÊÀ¼Í³õÉèÁ¢µÚÒ»¸ö³£ÉèÐÔÖٲûú¹¹¡ª¡ª³£ÉèÖٲ÷¨ÔºÒÔÀ´£¬²»°üÀ¨ÁÙʱÖÙ²ÃÍ¥ºÍÆäËûÁÙʱÇó³¥»ú¹¹£¬¹ú¼ÊÉÏÒѾ­´æÔÚ40¸öÒÔÉϵij£ÉèÐԺͰ볣ÉèÐÔ¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»ú¹¹¡£Èç¹û¿¼Âǵ½ÁÙʱÖÙ²ÃÍ¥ºÍÁÙʱÇó³¥Î¯Ô±»áµÈÁÙʱ»úÖÆ£¬ÔÙ¼ÓÉÏÆäËû¿ÉÒÔ´¦ÀíÉæ¼°Ö÷Ȩ¹ú¼ÒÕùÒéµÄÉÌÊÂÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»ú¹¹£¬Õâ¸öÊýÁ¿ÊǾ޴óµÄ¡£ÕâЩ»ú¹¹ÔÚ½â¾öÕù¶ËµÄ¹ý³ÌÖУ¬¾ßÌåµÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æ·¶³£³£ÐèÒªÓèÒÔ½âÊÍ·½ÄÜÊÊÓÃÓÚ¾ßÌå°¸Àý¡£¶ø¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æ·¶µÄ½âÊÍ£¬²»¿É±ÜÃâµØ»á´øÀ´¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄ·¨ÂÉÐøÔìÎÊÌâ¡£

Õù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƵĹú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔì

Ëùν·¨ÂÉÐøÔ죬ÊÇÖ¸ÔÚÁ¢·¨ËùÈ·Á¢µÄ¹æ·¶´æÔÚ©¶´µÄÇé¿öÏ£¬Í¨¹ý·¨¹ÙµÄ´´ÔìÐÔÚ¹ÊÍÌ©¶´£¬´Ó¶øʵÏÖ¶Ô·¨Âɹ淶µÄÍêÉƺͷ¢Õ¹µÄ¹ý³Ì¡£Ïà¶ÔÓÚÁ¢·¨»ú¹ØµÄ¡°Ò»´ÎÁ¢·¨¡±£¬ÓÉ·¨¹Ùͨ¹ý·¨ÂɽâÊÍËùʵÏֵķ¨ÂÉÐøÔì¿ÉÒÔ³ÆΪ¡°¶þ´ÎÁ¢·¨¡±¡£Ò²ÕýÊÇÔÚÕâ¸öÒâÒåÉÏ£¬Ë¾·¨µÄ·¨ÂÉÐøÔ칦ÄܱØÐëÊܵ½ÑϸñµÄÏÞÖÆ¡£µ«·¨ÂÉÐøÔìÓÖÊDz»¿É±ÜÃâµÄ£¬ÕâÓë·¨Âɹ淶µÄÓïÑÔ±í´ï²»Í걸ÐÔÓйØ¡£ÕýÈçÀ­Â×´ÄËùÑÔ£¬Ö»ÓÐÔÚ·¨Âɹ淶¡°¿ÉÄܵÄ×ÖÒ巶Χ¡±ÄÚ½øÐеĽâÊͲÅÊǽâÊÍ£¬³¬³öÕâÒ»·¶Î§Ëù×÷³öµÄ·ûºÏÁ¢·¨Ä¿µÄµÄ½âÊÍ£¬Ö»ÄÜÊÇÒ»ÖÖ·¨ÂÉÐøÔì¡£ÓÉÓÚÓï´Ê±¾ÉíµÄÄ£ºýÐÔ£¬¡°¿ÉÄܵÄÓïÒå±ß½ç¡±²»¿ÉÄܾø¶ÔÇåÎú£¬ÔÚ½«¹æ·¶ÓïÑÔÓëËùÖ¸ÊÂʵÏàÁªÏµµÄ¹ý³ÌÖв»¿É±ÜÃâµØ´æÔÚ×ÅÐèÒª¶ÔÓïÒå½øÐÐÀ©ÕÅ»òÏÞËõ½âÊ͵Ŀռ䣬ÓÉ´Ë´øÀ´·¨ÂÉÐøÔìµÄ¿ÉÄÜÐÔÓë±ØÒªÐÔ¡£ÕâÔÚ³ä³â×Å´óÁ¿Ô­ÔòÐԹ淶ºÍ·Ç³ÉÎĵÄÏ°¹ßÐԹ淶µÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÁìÓòÓÈΪͻ³ö¡£

Ê×ÏÈ£¬ÕýÊÇÓÉÓÚ´æÔÚ´óÁ¿Ô­ÔòÐÔºÍÏ°¹ßÐԹ淶£¬µ±½â¾öÕù¶ËµÄ¹ú¼Ê»ú¹¹Ãæ¶ÔÒ»¸ö°¸¼þʱ£¬¾­³£»áÃæÁÙÈçºÎ¶ÔÕâÀà¹æ·¶½øÐпɲÙ×÷ÐÔ½âÊ͵ÄÎÊÌâ¡£¶øÕâÖÖ½âÊÍ£¬³ýÁËÒÀ¾Ý¡¶Î¬Ò²ÄÉÌõÔ¼·¨¹«Ô¼¡·µÚ31Ìõ¡°ÒÀÆäÓÃÓµÄÑϸñÓïÒå½âÊÍÖ®Í⣬»¹Òª¿¼ÂÇ¡°ÆäÉÏÏÂÎÄ¡±£¬¡°²¢²ÎÕÕÌõԼ֮ĿµÄ¼°×ÚÖ¼¡±¶øΪ¡°ÉÆÒ⡱½âÊÍ¡£ÕâÖÖ½âÊÍÈç¹û³¬³öËùνµÄ¡°ÓïÒå±ß½ç¡±£¬¾ÍÊÂʵÉϹ¹³ÉÁËÒ»´Î·¨ÂɵÄÐøÔì¡£±ÈÈçÔÚMaffezini v. Spain°¸ÖУ¬ÖÙ²ÃÍ¥½«¹ú¼ÊͶ×ÊÌõÔ¼ÖеÄ×î»Ý¹ú´ýÓö½âÊÍΪÊÊÓÃÓÚÕù¶Ë½â¾öÌõ¿î£¬´Ó¶øÍê³ÉÁË£¨ÖÁÉÙÔÚ±¾°¸ÖУ©¶Ô×î»Ý¹ú´ýÓöÌõ¿îÊÊÓ÷¶Î§µÄÒ»ÖÖ·¨ÂÉÐøÔì¡£

Æä´Î£¬¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ´óÁ¿´æÔÚ»¹Óëʵʩ·¨ÂÉÐøÔìÖ÷ÌåµÄ¶àÔªÐÔÓйØ¡£Ä¿Ç°´æÔÚ´óÁ¿µÄ¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»ú¹¹£¬ÕâЩ»ú¹¹»¥²»Í³Êô£¬¸÷×ÔʵÐв»Í¬µÄÕù¶Ë½â¾ö¹æÔò£¬Æä½âÊÍȨÏ޺ͷ¶Î§Ò²¸÷²»Ïàͬ¡£Òò´Ë£¬ºÜÈÝÒ×Ôì³ÉÐøÔì½á¹ûÖ®¼äµÄì¶ÜºÍ³åÍ»£¬´Ó¶øÓ°Ïì¹ú¼Ê·¨ÖÈÐòµÄ°²¶¨ÐÔ¡£±ÈÈ磬ÔÚÕù¶Ë½â¾öÊÇ·ñÊÊÓÃ×î»Ý¹ú´ýÓöÎÊÌâÉÏ£¬Ä¿Ç°¾Í´æÔÚÁ½ÀàÐøÔìºó·¨ÂɹæÔò¡£³ýÉÏÃæÌáµ½µÄ¿ÉÊÊÓõÄ×ö·¨Í⣬ÉÐÓв»¿ÉÊÊÓÃÐøÔìºó¹æÔòµÄ×ö·¨£¨ÈçPlama v. Bulgara°¸µÄ½á¹ûËùÈ·Èϵģ©¡£´ËÍ⣬ÔÚÕâЩ»ú¹¹µÄÈËÔ±×é³ÉÉÏ£¬Ò»°ãʵÐÐÓÐÏÞÈÎÆÚÖÆ£¨Èç¸÷Àà¹ú¼ÊÐÔ·¨ÔººÍ·¨Í¥£©ºÍÁÙʱÈÎÃüÖÆ£¨Èç¸÷ÀàÖٲûú¹¹£©¡£°¸¼þÉóÀíÈËÔ±µÄÓÐÏÞÈÎÆÚ»áΪÆäÌṩ»ú»áÖ÷ÒåʽµÄ·¨ÂÉÐøÔì³å¶¯£¬ÌرðÊÇÆä¼ÛÖµ¹ÛÄî¡¢ÎÄ»¯±³¾°¡¢×¨ÒµËØÑøµÈÒòËض¼»áÓ°ÏìÆäÔÚ·¨ÂÉÐøÔì¹ý³ÌÖжԹæÔòÎȶ¨ÐԺͺÏÄ¿µÄÐÔµÄ×·Çó£¬ÒÔÖÁÓÚ³öÏÖͬһÈËÔ±ÔÚ²»Í¬°¸¼þÖжÔͬһ¹æÔò×÷³ö²»Í¬È϶¨µÄÇéÐΣ¬½µµÍÁËÈËÃǶԷ¨ÂÉÐøÔìµÄºÏ·¨ÐÔÆÚ´ý¡£

×îºó£¬¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƶÀÌصijÌÐò°²ÅÅÒ²»áÓ°Ïì¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ¶àÔªÐÔ£¬ÌرðÊÇ»áÓ°ÏìÆä·¨ÂÉÐøÔìµÄÖÊÁ¿¡£Ä¿Ç°¾ø´ó¶àÊý¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»ú¹¹²ÉÓÃÒ»ÉóÖÕÉóģʽ£¬¿Éν¾­¹ýÒ»´ÎºâÁ¿¼´¿ÉÄܲúÉú·¨ÂÉÐøÔìЧ¹û£¬¶øȱ·¦ÀàËƹúÄÚ·¨ÔºÄÇÑùµÄ²ã¼¶¼ä¼à¶½»úÖÆÀ´Ìṩ·¨ÂÉÐøÔìµÄÖÊÁ¿±£ÕÏ¡£´ËÍ⣬¾ø´ó¶àÊý¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆÃ÷È·Åųý¶ÔËùν¡°ÏÈÀý¡±ÖƶȵÄÊÊÓ᣺óÐø°¸¼þ²¢ÎÞÒåÎñ×ñÊØÏÈÇ°°¸¼þÖÐÐøÔì³öµÄ·¨Âɹ淶£¬¶ø¿ÉÒÔ×Ô¼º¸ù¾Ý½âÊ͹æÔòÐøÔìеĹ淶¡£Òò´Ë£¬¾­ÓÉÕâÀà»úÖÆÐøÔìµÄºó¹û¿ÉÄÜÊǶàÖÖÏ໥ì¶ÜµÄ¹æ·¶²¢´æ£¬Ê¹µÃÐøÔì³öµÄ¹æÔòÆÕ±éÐÔºÍÎȽ¡ÐÔ²»×ã¡£

ÓÉÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆËù½øÐеĹú¼Ê·¨µÄÐøÔ죬»áÓ°Ïì¸ö°¸µÄÉóÀí½á¹û¡£ÐøÔìºóÐγɵÄй淶£¬ÓÐʱÉõÖÁ»á³¬³öÔ­¹æ·¶Ôì·¨ÕßµÄԭʼÒâͼºÍÕæʵĿµÄ¡£µ±ÆäÊÊÓÃÓÚ¸ö°¸Ê±£¬Ëù²úÉúµÄ½á¹û¿ÉÄÜ»áÔ¶³¬µ±ÊÂÈ˵ÄÔ¤ÆÚ£¬´Ó¶øÓ°Ïì¹ú¼Ò¶Ô°¸¼þ½á¹ûµÄ̬¶È£¬ÄËÖÁ´øÀ´Õù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƼ°ÆäËù´¦µÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÌåϵµÄ´æÐøΣ»ú£¨È粿·ÖÀ­ÃÀ¹ú¼ÒÍ˳öICSID»úÖÆ¡¢²¿·ÖÅ·ÖÞ¹ú¼ÒÍ˳ö¡¶ÄÜÔ´ÏÜÕÂÌõÔ¼¡·¡¢ÃÀ¹ú×èÄÓWTOÉÏËß»úÖƵȣ©¡£Ò»¶¨ÒâÒåÉÏ£¬µ±½ñ¹ú¼Ê·¨ËùÃæÁÙµÄΣ»úºÜ´óÒ»²¿·ÖÕýÊÇÓÉÓÚÕâÀàËùν¡°»úÖÆ»¯¡±µÄÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖÆÔÚ·¨ÂÉÐøÔìÉÏȱ·¦Ô¼ÊøÐÔÔì³ÉµÄ¡£

Öйú¹ú¼Ê·¨Ñ§µÄ»ý¼«»ØÓ¦

Õù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƵĹú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔ죬ÓÐÃÖ²¹¹ú¼Ê·¨Â©¶´µÄ»ý¼«×÷Óã¬Ò²ÓÐÓ°ÏìÕù¶Ë½â¾ö½á¹û¡¢ÇÖÊ´¹ú¼ÊÔì·¨»ù´¡µÄÏû¼«×÷Óá£ÌرðÊǶÔÓÚ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÕâÖÖ´ò×ÅÉî¿ÌµÄÎ÷·½ÀÓÓ¡µÄÖƶÈÌåϵÀ´Ëµ£¬ÔÚÎ÷·½¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄ¡°»úÖÆ»¯¡±½øÐй㷺µÄÕýµ±ÐÔÐðʽ¨¹¹µÄ±³¾°Ï£¬ÈçºÎ¿ÆѧӦ¶Ô£¬ÐèÒªÖйúµÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨Ñ§×÷³ö»ý¼«ÓÐÁ¦µÄ»ØÓ¦¡£

µÚÒ»£¬¼ÓÇ¿ÀíÂÛÑо¿¡£Ê×ÏÈ£¬Òª¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô·¨ÂÉÐøÔìÌرðÊǹú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ»ù±¾ÀíÂÛÑо¿¡£·¨ÂÉÐøÔì²»½öÊÇÒ»¸ö·¨Ñ§ÎÊÌ⣬ҲÊÇÒ»¸öÉæ¼°ÓïÑÔѧ¡¢Âß¼­Ñ§¡¢ÐÄÀíѧºÍÉç»áѧµÈ¶àѧ¿Æ½»²æµÄ×ÛºÏÐÔÎÊÌâ¡£¶ÔÉæ¼°¶àÎÄ»¯¹²Ê¶µÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨À´Ëµ£¬Æä·¨ÂÉÐøÔìÓÐןü¼Ó·á¸»µÄÌØÕ÷£¬ÐèÒªÎÒÃǼÓÇ¿ÀíÂÛÑо¿¡£Æä´Î£¬¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐøÔì¶ÔÏóÊǹú¼Ê·¨¹æ·¶¡£ÒªÉî¿ÌÀí½â¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐøÔ죬»¹Ó¦µ±¼ÓÇ¿¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨ÔªÃüÌâ¡¢Ôª·¶³ëºÍÔª¹æÔòµÄÑо¿£¬ÐèÒª´Ó¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄ·¨ÕÜѧ¡¢·¨Ê·Ñ§¡¢·¨½ÌÒåѧºÍ·¨Éç»áѧµÈ¶à¸ö½Ç¶È¼ÓÇ¿ÀíÂÛÑо¿£¬ÎªÖйú²ÎÓë¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔì»úÖƵÄÁ¼ÐÔ½¨ÉèÌṩÀíÂÛÖ§³Å¡£

µÚ¶þ£¬ÈÚÈëʵ¼ù´´Ð¡£×÷Ϊ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÌرðÊǹú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƵĺóÀ´Õߣ¬Ó¦µ±ËµÖйúÉæÍⷨѧ¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄʵ֤¾­Ñé²¢²»·á¸»¡£Ãæ¶Ô¶àÔª»¯µÄÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƵIJªÐË£¬ÎÒÃÇÓбØÒª¼ÓÇ¿¶ÔÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƵIJÎÓ룬ÔÚ²ÎÓëÖÐÀí½â¡¢°ÑÎÕ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ»úÖƺÍÉú³É¹æÂÉ£¬²¢×îÖÕÍƶ¯Æä·¢Õ¹¡£Îª´Ë£¬¿ÉÒÔͨ¹ýÖ¸ÅÉ·¨¹Ù¡¢Ó¦Æ¸¹ú¼Ê¹«ÎñÔ±¡¢×ÊÖúʵϰÉúºÍ·ÃÎÊѧÕߵȷ½Ê½£¬ÈÚÈëÖØÒªµÄ¹ú¼ÊÕù¶Ë½â¾ö»úÖƵÄʵ¼ù¹¤×÷ÖÐÈ¥£¬¼ÓÇ¿Ïà¹Øʵ¼ùÐÔÈ˲ÅÅàÑø£¬Ç¿µ÷רҵÍŶӽ¨É裬¾Ã¾ÃΪ¹¦£¬ÐγÉרҵÁ¦Á¿¡£

µÚÈý£¬Íƶ¯Á¢·¨·¢Õ¹¡£¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐøÔìºÍÔì·¨ÊÇ»¥ÎªÏÞ¶¨¡¢»¥ÎªÒò¹ûµÄ¹Øϵ¡£¹ú¼ÊÔì·¨Ô½Ã÷Îú£¬¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ±ß½çÔ½ÇåÎú£»¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ×ÔÓɶÈÔ½´ó£¬¹ú¼ÊÔì·¨µÄÒ»ÖÂÐÔÔ½À§ÄÑ¡£ÒªÏÞÖƹú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄËæÒâÐÔ£¬È·±£ÆäºÏÄ¿µÄÐÔ£¬¾ÍÓ¦µ±²»¶Ï×·Çó¹ú¼Ê·¨Ôì·¨µÄÃ÷ÎúÐÔ¡£Îª´Ë£¬Ó¦Õë¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æ·¶±¾ÉíµÄÔ­ÔòÐÔ¡¢²»³ÉÎÄÐԹ淶¶à£¬Ö¤¾ÝºÍÖ¤Ã÷À§ÄѵÈÎÊÌ⣬¼ÓÇ¿¹æ·¶Ñо¿£¬»ý¼«²ÎÓëºÍÍƶ¯¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÖƶ¨¡¢±à×ë¡¢ÖØÊöµÈÔì·¨ÐԻ£¬ÔöÇ¿¹ú¼Ê·¨¹æ·¶µÄÈ·¶¨ÐÔ¡£

µÚËÄ£¬¼ÓÇ¿½»Á÷ºÏ×÷¡£Ñо¿±íÃ÷£¬Õù¶Ë½â¾öÕßµÄÎÄ»¯ÌØÖÊ»áÓ°ÏìÆä¶Ô·¨ÂÉÐøÔìµÄ̬¶È¼°ÆäÐøÔìÐÐΪ¡£Îª´Ë£¬Ó¦Íƶ¯²»Í¬¹ú¼ÒºÍÎÄ»¯±³¾°µÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨Ñ§¼ÒÖ®¼äµÄ½»Á÷£¬Å¬Á¦ÐγɶԹú¼Ê·¨Óë¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔì̬¶ÈµÄ¡°×î´ó¹«Ô¼Êý¡±¡£ÌرðÊÇ£¬¼ÓÇ¿ÐÂÐ˹ú¼ÒµÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨Ñ§ÕßÖ®¼äµÄ½»Á÷ÓÐÖúÓÚ´òÆÆÎ÷·½ÖÐÐÄÂÛ£¬Îª¹ú¼Ê·¨µÄÐøÔìÌṩ¸ü¹ã·ºµÄ¶àÔª¹ú¼Ê·¨ÎÄ»¯¹±Ïס£×÷Ϊһ¸öÈÕÒæ×ß½üÊÀ½çÎę̀ÖÐÑëµÄ´ó¹ú£¬Öйú¶Ô¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔìµÄ»ý¼«²ÎÓ룬²»½öÓÐÖúÓÚ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÐøÔ칦ÄܵÄÕýÈ··¢»Ó£¬¶øÇÒÓÐÖúÓÚÍƶ¯¸ü¼Ó¹«ÕýºÏÀíµÄ¹ú¼Ê·¨ÖÈÐòµÄÐγÉÓ봴С£

£¨×÷ÕßϵÀÖÓã×îаæappÍøҳУ³¤ÖúÀí¡¢·¨Ñ§ÔºÔº³¤£»ÀÖÓã×îаæappÍøҳ˿³ñ֮·¾­¼Ã´ø·¨ÂÉÕþ²ßЭͬ´´ÐÂÖÐÐĸ±ÃØÊ鳤¡¢¸±½ÌÊÚ£©